Critical Evaluation Of Continuing Professional Development In Hrm

In this essay the writer presents a critical rating of the four phases of the Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) rhythm as a tool to back up her CPD in Human Resource Management ( HRM ) . The CPD procedure can be carried out by set abouting bit-by-bit procedure ( see, Figure 1 ) . However, the footing for most preparation remains the traditional preparation procedure system ( see Figure2 ) . Therefore, we will utilize the traditional preparation procedure system for our analysis. Specifying the CPD poses an interesting job although a figure of high research workers and administration have categorised the different attacks. The Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development ( CIPD ) define CPD as â€Å" the demand for persons to maintain up to day of the month with quickly altering cognition † ( Website 1 ) . Other administrations refer to structured procedures â€Å" to keep, develop and heighten accomplishments, cognition and competency both professionally and personally in order to better public presentation at work † ( Website 2 ) . The Chartered Institute of Management ( Website 3 ) provinces that ‘Effective CPD is a committedness to professionalism – it shows that you have taken personal duty for guaranting that you have the accomplishments and cognition necessary to run into the challenges of an of all time changing universe. The procedure should profit the person, and besides the concern as a whole.Evaluation of the four ph ases of the CPD rhythmThe traditional preparation procedure system ( see Figure2 ) of CPD rhythm comprises four chief stairss: 1 ) Identifying development demands, i.e. , placing preparation and acquisition demands ; 2 ) inventing a acquisition program – prioritizing demands and choosing appropriate activities ; 3 ) project development activities and ; 4 ) recording and measuring results ( Megginson & A ; Whitaker, 2007 ) . Now, if we consider the contents of the MSc in HRM, in relation to the CPD rhythm and the writer ‘s attack to accomplishing her ends, i.e. , finishing the MSc in HRM with at-least virtue base on balls for most faculties together with appropriate atom experiences. The first measure is that placing development demands. Harmonizing to Inglis ( 1994 ) placing development demands means developing an Extraordinary Realistic Self Image ( ERSI ) , which should dwell the elements of work it self, contemplation by ego, feedback from others, single psychometric & A ; self -diagnostic steps, organisational prosodies and professional prosodies. Furthermore in the instance of single identifying development needs includes, feedback from others, self-assignment, contemplation, personal & A ; professional congruity and aspirations / dreams. In this instance, the writer as an person, taking all the above factors into consideration she set up her development needs as follows ; by analyzing MSc in HRM she wish to develop her ability to do an effectual part at a strategic degree in today ‘s quickly altering organisational contexts, internally or externally. She besides wants to larn more about the effectual direction and use of human resources in organisations. By the terminal of this class, she hope to accomplish more cognition about strategic position and operational position, besides she would wish to derive more cognition and accomplishments to actuate and pull off employees, and go a brooding practician in this specialist field, alleged human resources direction, and develop a strategic apprehension of HRM in relation to organisational procedures. At present the writer is merely an affiliate member of the CIPD and by the terminal of the class she aims to derive graduate rank of the CIPD and in the long clip her a spirations is to go a chap of CIPD. Now, she needs some standard for make up one's minding which of these demands should be given precedence. In relation to this Stephen Covey ( 1990 ) emphasized the demand to concentrate on the countries that are of import and non-urgent. Megginson ( 1994 ) created a model called SPICE, which covers a scope of countries and has a memorable acronym. SPICE involves puting ends in the countries of spirit, physical, intellect, calling and emotion. Another theoretical account presented by Hawkins ( 1999 ) , alleged BEST theoretical account suggests that we can put ends that get the best out of us if we look for ends that help us to: Broaden – move us into new countries ; Enjoy – acquire us making more of the things that we love ; Stretch – take us into new countries, making more, facing bigger challenges ; Think -challenge our apprehension and command, demanding deeper penetration. The following model to take into history is the manners theoretical account discussed in Boydell and Leary ( 1996 ) . Each manner has certain cardinal features and strengths, and the big motions of our life, when we notice that we are sing the universe from a radically different position are about traveling from one manner to the following. Figure 3 briefly describes each of the manners, which may assist to place where we stand in our development. The theoretical account begins at the underside and as we develop we work up through the manners over the old ages. The writer is following the BEST ( Broaden, Enjoy, Stretch, Think ) theoretical account for prioritising her demands and choosing appropriate activities, it is in her position that this theoretical account is more appropriate to her instance. Because, set abouting the MSc in HRM she additions more cognition and accomplishments in the field of HRM. She is basking making the class and making more of the things she love. On the other manus the class is rather a disputing one due to the nature of the class contents and the manner of survey ( i.e. , full clip ) besides the clip constrain is a large factor. Therefore, she is stretching her ego to equilibrate the professional and personal life. However, her desire to believe in front and carry through her aspirations allows her to confront the challenges and demanding her to make more to acquire a deeper penetration of the topics. Now, traveling on to set abouting development activities, these should be in the signifier of professional work-based activities ( e.g. work undertaking and new undertaking ) , courses & A ; conferences ( e.g. CIPD branch meetings ) , and autonomous informal acquisition ( e.g. reading, action acquisition and brooding journal ) . In relation to this the writer is engaged in professional work-based activities via work-placement, which allows her to utilize the theories into patterns that she learned though formal talks and farther readings. Furthermore her autonomous informal acquisition such as readings, allows her to utilize broad theoretical constructs into her assignments, tests, and practical activities. This allows optimising her cognition and accomplishments, every bit good as accomplishing her ends with assurances. Recording and measuring results – the procedure of composing helps us to condense experiences, acknowledge forms and discern tendencies. It enables us to retrieve what has gone earlier and gaining control lessons for the hereafter. It can besides be kept for CIPD upgrading applications ( Megginson & A ; Whitaker, 2007 ) . The writer has included an grounds of her ain reflecting back Continuing Professional Development ( CPD ) record and traveling frontward program, which spans the period of her MSc in HRM taught programme and program for farther development. She was really pleased about her overall public presentation so far, but it is in her ain position that she could hold done even better in one or two topics, nevertheless due to clip constrains and other factors which are beyond her control made it hard to execute on a highest degree for those two topics. Therefore, for the hereafter undertakings, she will fix good by reading broad scope of stuffs including talks notes and garnering critical information from varies beginnings, for illustration, this is peculiarly really of import for her thesis that will be the immediate hereafter undertaking for her. Furthermore, better pull off the clip and program in front early as possible, and she believes that will take to the better result. So far, the writer ‘s attack to formal educational CPD activities ( MSc in HRM ) explained by and large with regard to CPD rhythm. Now, she considers the whole CPD procedure by placing farther demands to travel through the CPD rhythm once more. With regard to MSc in HRM, measuring her current accomplishments, she studied broad scope of HRM maps, theoretical accounts and methods used in administrations. Through these surveies she is now able to analyze and critically measure the map of the director and administration based direction constructions alongside the function of human resource direction within a scope of organizational scenes. The writer ‘s able to show a critical apprehension of a scope of methods and theoretical accounts used in administration and concern analysis from the position of human resource direction. She have an thought of how leading developments and how learning & A ; development is working in an organisation ( e.g. coaching, and e-learning ) and how is the one-year wage reappraisal managed and application of Performance Related Payment ( PRP ) system worked ; besides an up-to day of the month information about current statute laws ; the employee communications and how the people resourcing sche mes managed. Therefore, she has insight cognition of broad country of Human Resource Management ( HRM ) . Furthermore the writer is able to show a theoretical and critical apprehension of the histrions, context, mechanisms, procedures, and processs that regulate and shape the employment relationship, including an grasp of the contrasting positions and readings within employment dealingss. Furthermore, she can show critical apprehension and analytical consciousness of how employment dealingss constructs, policies and patterns are applied within administrations to lend to the direction of people and organizational public presentation. As she reflecting on the results, it is her position that she need to use the cognition and accomplishments gained over the twelvemonth through her surveies. However, it is of import to observe that the writer developed her HR accomplishments in the country of Employee Relations ( ER ) through the work arrangement ; it has strengthened her ability through undertaking direction in existent life state of affairs.RecommendationsAs the CPD rhythm continue throughout her professional life, for the writer ‘s immediate hereafter patterns the undermentioned activities are recommended. First, outlining a realistic traveling frontward program, this should incorporate the cardinal countries of development, that has to be achieved in the following twelvemonth or so, and a clip graduated table for the reappraisal of professional development demands. Second, networking and improved communications with academic and industrial communities within the HRM field is greatly encouraged. This allows her to interchange thoughts and other information for optimised public presentations for her ego and the administration. Finally, go oning work based preparation is recommended for long-run development of her calling.DrumheadIn this essay critical rating of the writer ‘s attack to the formal educational larning CPD activity ( i.e. the MSc in HRM ) with mention to the assorted phases of battle with the CPD rhythm is presented. Conducting this formal educational acquisition activity the writer seeks to broaden and intensify her consciousness of the subject of Human Resource direction, cognition and accomplishments. The class covers theory every bit good as practical applications ( i.e. , through the work-placement ) , and lead to a making ( MSc in HRM ) . Within the context of CPD procedure, the writer ‘s contemplation on her ain CPD from both a practical and a theoretical point of position are presented. Furthermore, the writer ‘s motive, battle and direction activ ities related to the MSc in HRM strategy are described. Finally some recommendations are suggested for the writer ‘s future pattern.

Recent events have made the patents value of question

Before BUG, Inc. decides to go international the company needs to apply for patents and trademarks to safeguard their corporate image and their product. At the baer minimum, the company needs to apply for an American patent and trademark. Under the guidelines of the Paris Convention of 1870, more than 125 nations worldwide recognize patents that are registered with the World Patent Office in Switzerland (â€Å"International Protection of Intellectual Property† 2007).Recent events have made the patents value of question in some Third World countries as there is an international movement to allow developing nations an exemption from world patent laws, but given the the nature of the product and the import regulations of most modernized countries, the patent protection is certainly worth having. Also important is an international trademark for the company logo (U. S. Trademark Law 2007). Establishing a legal claim to the trademark can help the company to establish an internationa l identity associated with both their name and logo.Neither of these protections are particularly expensive and they can prevent the sale of black market goods which infringe on the BUG, Inc. product. They can also make it possible for BUG, Inc. to seek recompense in the event of patent infringement. Establishing the trademark and patent becomes especially important when Steve engages is corporate espionage and relays internal research and development information to BUG, Inc. ’s competitor, WIRETAP.The first thing that BUG needs to take into consideration with regard to the Steve’s actions as an employee of WIRETAP is that he ahs committed a federal crime under the Economic Espionage Case of 1996 (â€Å"Economic espionage†, 2007). That means that if the company can prduce sufficient evidence, Steve could be facing federal charges for his action. Steve could face 10 years in prison and up to $500,000 in fines related to criminal charges of the theft of trade secr ets (Halligan 1996). WIRETAP could face $5 million in fines. (Halligan 1996).Because Walter was not a law enforcement official, it could be argued that his keeping Steve in a locked room for six hours constitutes false imprisonment and he could face criminal charges related to those actions (Best Practice #1, 1999). According to the International Association of Security Professional, the law allows security guards to detain people suspected of a crime long enough to ascertain their identity and to contact the police, not to question them for six hours, depending on the state they are operating in, he could be charged with false imprisonment or kidnapping.(Best Practice #1, 1999). In addition, in most states, his threats of physical violence, though only threats, constitute a verbal assault on Steve and he could be charged with assault as well. (Online Dictionary, 2007) Furthermore, because Walter did this while on the job and used a company facility to do so, BUG, Inc. may face some liability for his actions as well. BUG could argue that Walter was not acting within the scope of his duties, but that is belied by the fact that he took these actions on company time and on company property.(Best Practice #1, 1999). This may mean that because of Walter’s actions, BUG could be facing greater liability than Steve is. When BUG goes online, it is possible that they may be able to acquire the domain name previously purchased by the clearinghouse corporation through a lawsuit arguing that the clearinghouse purchased it with the intention of depriving them from the trademark (Uniform Domain, 1999).There are also provisions for administrative hearings if BUG can demonstrate that the other entity adopted the domain name just in an attempt to deprive them of the name by which they are commonly known (Uniform Domain, 1999). However, it would be imperative as their attorney to explain that the cost of instigating the lawsuit could be large and that they should weigh th e cost of the lawsuit against the cost of simply purchasing the domain name from the current owners. There are provisions for the recovery of fees through the administrative hearing process, but they are not guaranteed to win (Uniform Domain, 1999).BUG should also be aware that as the instigators of an online contract they can determine what circumstances constitute acceptance of the contract and that American courts have held that online contracts are every bit as binding as written contracts (CyberLaw 2007). The company should also determine what their policy is with regards to sale of their product to non-law enforcement personnel and if they intend to distribute exclusively to appropriate law enforcement personnel, how they will verify that the person ordering the supplies is who they claim to be.The corporation should also consider contracting with an outside firm to supply website security to protect their financial transactions from hackers (CyberLaw 2007). At the BUG plant i n Shady Town, BUG liability for the attack on the vendor and employees is mitigated by the fact that there is a community-wide crime spree underway and by the fact that the company has not replaced lights that have been broken or burned out. As an invited guest of the company, the vendor has the right to expect safety as do employees (Killion, 2007).When sued for losses which occurred on their property, Bug’s attorneys can argue that their responsibility to provide a safe environment for employees and clients was undermined by the community-wide crime spree (Killion, 2007) The investigation into Steve’s actions might result in civil RICO proceedings if the company can prove underlying mail, wire or securities fraud (â€Å"Overview† 2007). Without evidence of the underlying crime, there is no way to pursue civilian RICO charges (â€Å"Overview† 2007).Because the company was aware of the potential danger posed by the earlier model and opted not to correct i t in an effort to lower production costs, BUG is liabile for the injuries suffered by Sally. (â€Å"Product Liability† 2007) If the company had been unaware of the injury potential from the model or had discovered it after the model was in mass distribution and had issued a recall, their liability might have been lower. However, the company was aware of the problem and chose not to fix it in an effort to make more money.At that point, a good personal injury lawyer could argue that BUG was negligent and therefore should be forced to pay not only actual damages to Sally, but also punitive damages in the form of an award for pain and suffering. Punitive damages are awarded when the court determines that a company should be punished for their actions; in this case, for knowing that the product was potentially hazardous and doing nothing to end the danger.If the case went to trial, BUG’s attorneys could argue that the newer models of the device were safer and that the respo nsibility for Sally’s injury should be shared by her employer for failing to provide her with the newer model, but this argument does nothing to decrease BUG’s liability. (â€Å"Product Liability† 2007). WORKS CITED â€Å"Best Practice #1: Detaining Shoplifiting Suspects† www. iapsc. org/uploaded_documents/bp1. doc, November 6, 2007. Computer Crimes & Intellectual Property Law† < http://www. usdoj. gov/criminal/cybercrime/iplaws. html> November 6, 2007. â€Å"Cyber Law† http://www. sidley. com/cyberlaw/features/int_juris.asp, November 6, 2007. â€Å"Free Dictionary† http://www. thefreedictionary. com/assault, November 6, 2007. Halligan, R. Mark. â€Å"The Economic Espionage Act of 1996: The Theft of Trade Secrets is Now a Federal Crime† http://my. execpc. com/~mhallign/crime. html November 6, 2007. â€Å"International Protection of Intellectual Property† < http://www. wipo. int/pct/en/treaty/about. htm> November 6, 2007. Killion, Susan Westrick and Katherine Dempski. â€Å"Legal And Ethical Issues† http://books. google. com/books? id=I20ZNJHFRVcC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=corporate+liability+for+attack+on+premises&source=web&ots=WTIBrE-gj2&sig=iVtr5bLslUY7wZLeBT1zNzagWRQ

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Wales (stateless nation) - Research Paper Example Wales was earlier inhabited by the Celtic Britons and it was only after the Romans withdrew from the regions of Britain sometime during the 5th century that it was freed, and thus, in today’s modern period, Wales is one of the places which is acknowledged as having a Celtic background or influence. (Bodlore-Penlaez, Mikael) The first King of Wales, Gruffyd ap Llwelyn was crowned in 1507 and Edward I of England took over at the time of his death. There are a number of castles and forts which were built around Wales during the period of monarch, which have now been protected as UNESCO World Heritage sites. After heavy research it was found out that the region of Wales has had human inhabitation since the last 29,000 years dating back to even the ice age. After that, the Neolithic period also witnessed a large number of people settling around the area, which then gave way to the Bronze Age and the Iron Age with respect to Celtic cultures. A large amount of human activity has been taking place since these periods around the region of Wales with respect to maritime trade, land trade, as well as creation of machinery, tools and other such equipment. (Who Were the Celts?) The Romans invaded Wales for a period of three centuries and during the time that they were there; they set up a very good military base of their own. They founded the town of Caerwent in Wales and since Wales has very good mineral resources, they exploited these resources and gave birth to technology with the help of gold, silver, copper, bronze as well as zinc. The only language spoken at the time was Latin in Wales. The Romans tried their best to spread their culture as well as set up industrialization as far as they could, and even religion and socio-economic culture in present day Wales is seen as a reflection of whatever was set up during the Roman Empire. A large number of Roman dynasties also came into view during this time, set up mostly in

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Analysis - Assignment Example The organization in question known as Extended Family was formed in 1995 by parents who came together due to their concern for their children. Their children were facing stigma as a result of their disabilities. The parents wished their disabled children had independent, supervised, living situations. In addition, the organization was formed with the intention of educating the communities on the dynamics of disabilities, as well as to provide a safe living environment that may enable individuals with disabilities live with dignity. In order to achieve its missions and ensure that Extended Family, Inc. operations are successful, it operates three distinct programs: education, counseling, and residential. Individuals entering these programs may be referred by their social services agencies, schools, parents, or their physicians (Mammano & Tyson, 2008). These programs have varied functions, and they are all geared to ensure that the disabled children’s lives are improved for the better. For instance, the counseling program offers individuals, family and group counseling sessions. The sessions are tailored towards the needs of every individual. On the other hand, education program provides disabled students with learning opportunities. Lastly, the residential program provides 24-hour care to disabled children, and teaches them life skills such as shopping, so that they may live independently. The Extended Family has a budget that ensures that the funds they obtain from donors are used efficiently. For this reason, its employees have been made aware that revenues and expenses are accurately allocated to the administration and program costs. The Director of Administration is charged with the responsibility of drafting an operating budget which he submits to the agencies that provide funds to the organization (Mammano & Tyson, 2008). These financial reports should have the administration expenses falling below the program expenses so that a significant amount

Discuss Your Concerns About Delegation and Your Responsibility and Assignment

Discuss Your Concerns About Delegation and Your Responsibility and Liability Regarding Delegation - Assignment Example The charge nurse also provides information to physicians within the organization. A centralized structure has few sources of information and communication in its hierarchical system. The charge nurse has been mandated to provide information for physicians as well as clinical nurses (Yoder-Wise & Patricia, 2010). In a centralized structure, most decisions are made by the hospital chief executive or the head of the nursing home. The hospital has a hierarchical model of administration, and every worker has a clear definition of his/her duties and responsibilities. Information flow in the hospital follows a top-bottom structure, that is, from the top executive down to the clinical nurses (Marquis & Huston, 2006). One manager or head nurse can be in charge of different departments. Staff nurses are not included in major decision-making processes or the implementation process. It takes centralized structures a long period of time to respond to emergency activities due to high bureaucracy l evels in the hospital. In a decentralized structure, decisions are made at different organizational levels. Hospital workers are consulted before major decisions affecting their departments are made, and they are involved in the implementation process. ... rses in a decentralized organization are involved in decision-making processes, and this increases their job responsibilities, leading to job satisfaction. This improves staff nurses’ moral responsibilities and decision-making capabilities. Decentralization empowers staff nurses and physicians to formulate their unit level work plans, policies, and procedures. Middle level hospital managers are responsible for decision-making, and this improves their morale (Finkelmann, 2006). Information flows faster in a decentralized organization due to the reduced bureaucracy levels, which, in turn, are caused by the existence of informal communication networks. The head nurse or nursing director is relieved of some decision-making responsibilities and assumes a supervisory role. Middle managers’ other nurses experience professional growth due to increased responsibilities entrusted to them. They are in charge of goal evaluation, policy recommendation, institute work improvement, an d determining staff schedule. The expertise of staff nurses is utilized during decision-making and change implementation, which is a form of empowerment and encourages professional growth (Daly, Speedy, & Jackson, 2003). Centralized structures give nursing directors and top executives greater control over the organization, since they make major decisions in the hospital. The responsibilities of every manager in the organization are clearly defined, which provides high levels of accountability. Hospital employees have limited responsibilities, since they are not involved in decision-making activities and change implementation processes. Change implementation is the responsibility of a selected team of nurses, which gives them complete control and authority over the process. Information flow in the

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Visiting Bestbuy or Futureshop - Term Paper Example To maintain a good image, both to the customers and shareholders, a proper and good customer service should be enhanced. It also helps increase the profit margins because, in marketing, a good publicity would mean more customers visiting the retail outlet. The poor customer service was clearly exhibited by the longer and slower queues and the larger number of frustrated customers that left the enterprise. Less information was being offered by the store staffers, much to the dissatisfaction of the customers who came in with the aim of picking up their merchandise. Loss of customers: loss of customer is one of the obvious consequences of the problem. It is created by the negative feelings developed by customers as a result of the actions of most of the employees, in blue shirts, mandated to assist them while making their purchases. Most of these customers ending up with lots of frustration would consider other retail outlets who would offer similar services, but with better customer service. Reduction in the profit margins: Once the retail outlets loose the customers, less of their goods would be sold. This reduces the turnover of the business and, as a result, the profits obtained from the sale of such goods and services. Obsolete inventory: Loss of business customers would lead to the creation of a non-moving stock rendering most of the products obsolete. As with most of the electronic products; newer inventions are created more often and so when quite a number of the corresponding products are not sold in good time, they are rendered obsolete and results into more losses. Obsolete inventory, on the other hand, is always a warning sign to most would be investors, and in most cases bring to the fore poor inventory management. Other factors of importance too, that would lead to the failure of the store would be their layouts and selling policies. Instead of stocking a lot of

Capitalism is a force for social progress. Discuss. (Use listed Essay

Capitalism is a force for social progress. Discuss. (Use listed sources only) - Essay Example Social progress refers to improvement of the societies’ economic, social, and political structures. This can happen because of human action through social activism or as a social enterprise or as a natural part of the sociocultural evolution. Improvement in the living standards, industrialization, technological advancements are among the components of social progress. Developed countries have become richer as the years go by. Unfortunately, the social progress, which has always been the objective of social thinkers since 19th and 20th century, has eluded. The social bargain that the employees and the members of their families enjoyed the prosperity through their commitment to economic growth at mid-century has not been maintained. In America, for instance, the top 5% gain over 21% of the household income, while the bottom 5 received below 4% between them. In Britain, the difference between the rich and the poor has been greater since 19th century. The middle class families with the dream of achieving a stable career option have been directly affected by job insecurity. Similarly, the price of failure has been on the rising trend. Since 1970, the high school graduands are the first to experience low standard of living that the welfare provision for the unemployed have been stripped away. If the prospects of property are not brought by economic gro wth, the material pathway to human happiness rings hollow in the uncertainty face. There is only a smaller proportion of the society that can insulate themselves from the risk that affects other members of the society. This is not similar to majority of individual that operate within the middle wage bracket. The group stands to earn more so that they can cushion themselves from the increasing trend of survival cost. According to Friedrich Hegel, the strengths that strengthen the great nations in

Protein Estimation by Bradford's Method Lab Report

Protein Estimation by Bradford's Method - Lab Report Example This paper applies the Bradford’s method to investigate the relationship between protein concentration and absorbance rate. The study is based on established assumption that observed rate of absorption is proportional to protein concentration and developed relationship between known concentrations and observed absorbance rates can be used to determine unknown concentrations, given their absorbance rates. The study’s data identifies a deviation from the proposed proportionality between concentration and absorbance rates. Significance of this inconsistency is ascertained by analysis of variance that adopts the null hypothesis for lack of significant relationship between concentration and absorbance rates. This is because of the high probability value, 0.056 percent. Application of the proposed regression model confirms the inconsistency by yielding a negative concentration. The paper therefore concludes that the inconsistency with established literature is because of inac curate experimental results. Protein estimation by Bradford’s method Introduction Proteins are essential components of cells and organs, a factor that forms the basis of their significance in the body as well as the need for their intake in nutrients to meet required levels for a healthy body. Nutritional needs institute the importance of developed knowledge of required protein intake levels, and determination recommended quantities of food supplies that can meet such required levels. Existence of protein in definite concentrations in body fluids also identifies the significance of studying protein concentration in the body, which can be used to determine normalcy or existence diseases to alter equilibrium protein concentrations (Chem, p. 105). There are a number of techniques, such as the Bradford method, which can be used to determine protein concentrations in compounds. The method applies spectroscopy to relate known concentrations to their corresponding absorbance rate. T his is because of a linear relationship between concentration of protein in a solution and the ability of that solution to absorb dye (Maud and Foster, p. 164). Visibility of the absorbed dye, which is proportional to the dye’s concentration in the solution, is therefore used to establish a relationship between absorbance readings from the spectroscopy and protein concentration (Ruf, p. 1). The Bradford’s method further assumes that protein concentration is the only determinant of the dye’s absorbance. This means that for any given environmental conditions, similar protein concentrations yield similar absorbance rates (Thermo, p. 1). A linear regression model can therefore be developed and used to determine unknown concentrations, given their corresponding absorption alues. The regression model determines existence of a significant relationship between the known concentrations and the absorbance rates for predictions, and regression coefficient (Ross, p. 131- 13 4). This study was performed to ascertain existence of a relationship between known protein concentrations and their corresponding absorbance rates. The study aimed at using the established relationship to determine unknown protein concentration, based on its absorbance rate. In order to achieve its objective, the study explored the question, ‘is there a significant relationship between protein concentration and absorbance?’ The study investigated the following set of hypotheses for the research question. H0: There is no significant

How to Manage Your Stress Wisely Essay Example for Free

How to Manage Your Stress Wisely Essay Stress is defined as a physiological response that occur when an organism fails to respond appropriately to emotional or physical threats (Selye, 1956, p.1). It can also be defined as something that puts a strain on your health and overall well-being. Stress is considered â€Å"The Unseen Killer† according to Charles Stangor. I, personally, define stress as the number one killer. I think stress is the behind the scenes killer to many different illnesses like high blood pressure, strokes, heart attacks and nervous break downs. People are faced with stress every day when it comes to daily life situations. Jobs cause stress, schoolwork causes stress, traffic causes stress, relationships cause stress and illnesses cause stress. According to the â€Å"The Holmes and Rahe Stress Scale†, based upon a survey of everyday life events that could cause stress out of 2,500 military soldiers, there are 40 leading stressors that lead to people being put in the hospital (Rahe, R. H.,1970, p.12). People become hospitalized because they do not know how to manage stress. If people had a better response to stress and different ways to manage stress, they may be healthier. Since stress is a behind the scenes murderer, I have decided to share some stress management exercises with my best friend. She has been going through a divorce. She is now a single mother of two eight year old twins. She has a full time job and she is a part time student. Not only does she have a lot of responsibility, she is also hoping for a promotion to become project manager for her current employer. Between all the juggling schedules and making time for herself, she is beyond stressed. She has lost weight, her hair is falling out, and she never makes enough time to relax. I have come up with a stress management guide that I think will be helpful for her. I find that the power of positive thinking is a great beginning. The best antidote for stress is a happy one: Think positively, have fun, and enjoy the company of others (Stangor, 2013). Wake up with the thought of â€Å"Today will be a great day.† Being optimistic about life will help her with dealing with her daily issues she is faced with. Optimistic thinking helps remove doubt and negative thoughts. Being optimistic about her daily life will help nurture positive thinking. I want her to know that, even though things seem overwhelming, there is plenty to be happy about. She has two beautiful healthy children, a stable career that is considering making her a project manager, a stable environment that her children can rest in, and, although she is divorcing, it can bring a new beginning. I also recommend more planning and time management. With planning and time management, it can reduce stress and the feeling of being overwhelmed and rushed. It will help her self-efficacy, which will help her be proactive and give her the satisfaction of some accomplishment. She can plan out her week, which will allow her some free time for social support from friends and family. Social support will be uplifting to her and let her know that she has a support team. Last, but not least, to help her manage her stress, I would allow her to choose an activity for us to do weekly. Some good stress management activities would be exercising, meditation, shopping, eating out, activities with the kids or just basic girls night out. This time will enable her to be free from some worries and have some fun, laughs, and relaxation. Laughing is truly good for the body and fun brings laughs. Relaxation removes tension and allows the body to be at ease mentally and physically. In conclusion, stress management is vital to our health. It has a big impact on our overall health as far as our moods, heart condition, and mental state. I hope that this information on stress will help her manage her stress and know the facts about stress. Being healthy and stress free is an important factor in healthy living. Cited: Selye, H. (2013). Introduction to Psychology, v. 1.0., 10.2 (1) Irvington, NY: Flatworld Knowledge, Inc., http://www.flatworldknowledge.com Rahe, R. H. (2013). Introduction to Psychology, v. 1.0., 10.2 (12) Irvington, NY: Flatworld Knowledge, Inc., http://www.flatworldknowledge.com Stangor, C. (2013). Introduction to Psychology, v. 1.0., Irvington, NY: Flatworld Knowledge, Inc., http://www.flatworldknowledge.com

Importance of Innovation for Human Waste Treatment

Importance of Innovation for Human Waste Treatment Yuyao Wu As Rio bay waters show, we badly need innovation in treating human wastes August 13, 2016 3.41am AEST http://theconversation.com/as-rio-bay-waters-show-we-badly-need-innovation-in-treating-human-wastes-63379 By referring the issue of poor water quality in the 2016 Rio Olympic water, Daniele Lantagne, an assistant Professor of Civil and Environmental Engineering in Tufts University, demonstrates how series untreated water can pose threat to peoples health through the article. Lantagne also informs people to think highly of the issue of disposing untreated water, arguing that sewerage systems are needed to apply in our lives. Treating waste water and sewage is not only a problem happened in Rio, but also a problem happened worldwide. Therefore, technical and social innovation are not only needed for disposing contaminated water, but also the inevitable elements for the process of sustainability. The writer applies a logical tone to inform the readers that peoples health is exposed to danger if they live in an environment contaminated with human waste. the untreated water causes 760000 children die from diarrhea per year worldwide and 162 million children under five suffer stunting, which is evidence by sanitation provision (2007). The writer makes her argument seem more reliable by the use of reliable evidence. It is sorrowful to accept that a large number of children die each year because of the contaminated water. Through the evidence, we can know that the situation is serious or might be more serious if we take no measure to treat the water before disposal. Thus, it highlights how urgent and necessary we need to improve sanitation faculties in order to reverse the health threats. Furthermore, Lantagne states that apply the waste treatment in life can increase the quality of life. The writer uses the fact that the project of the sewerage system in United States achieves significant success in providing treated and safe water to households. Indeed, in our daily life, water is the basic need for every human-being. The quality of water has a direct impact on human health. Therefore, we realise how vital roles the sewerage systems play in our lives. However, Lantagne argues that in reality, it is hardly to keep using sewerage systems, septic tanks and latrines because of the financial reason and rapidly population growth. Through listing the limitation of sewerage systems, septic tanks and latrines, Lantagne makes her point seem more objective and more considerable. Although the limitation of sewerage systems exists, we still need to use sewerage system to dispose untreated water. Lantagne consummates her argument by listing three examples for the further process of treating human waste, which are community mobilization strategies, Systems-based and social enterprise services. However, nowadays, it is not enough to provide the solution to treat the untreated water. Beforehand, sense of environmental consciousness is needed to be ingrained in peoples mind. Otherwise, lack senses of environmental consciousness will be one of the most obvious barriers to stop people to care, think and work out the solution for disposing contaminate d water or other environmental issues. Overall, the writer offers her opinions based on evidence and fact in a reasonable and logical tone, which makes her arguments seem more valid. The points raised by the writer is worth to reconsider as treating water before disposal is one of the most serious environmental issues. We need to know how serious health consequences we are suffering due to the contaminated water before we realize how urgent we need to apply the sewerage system in life. Besides, the senses of environmental consciousness are the basic knowledge impels us to work out the solution for environmental issues. References; http://theconversation.com/as-rio-bay-waters-show-we-badly-need-innovation-in-treating-human-wastes-63379

The Way of Flexibility: A Model of Leadership Essay -- Leader Leading

The Way of Flexibility: A Model of Leadership ?Make sure that any model you do have is compatible with traditional wisdom: Admire the wise of all religions.?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  -John Heider, ?The Tao of Leadership?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Much work has gone into studying, researching, and developing models of leadership. Many models have been put forth, examined, applied, and either used or discarded. Yet, for all this work, there is still not one 'perfect' model or method of leading. Every group and situation is different, and a good leader must be flexible. The best model of leadership is one that incorporates different models into one paradigm that understands that the only constant is change. Therefore, my model of leadership will be based primarily upon flexibility.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Leadership, then, is like gymnastics. It takes a certain degree of physical or mental flexibility to be effective at either. Someone can not simply declare ?I am a flexible leader? any easier than you or I could do a leg split. It must be worked up to, and one must recognize the different skills that need to be worked upon in order to accomplish anything.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I propose that a leader must first understand the basic styles of leadership and how to apply them. Then he/she can know what style is the most appropriate given the task and group composition. Second, he/she must be able to observe his/her group in order to decide when the aforementioned styles are to be applied, and when problems begin threatening the group or its task. Then, that leader must be able to effectively communicate and influence his/her followers in order to fix problems, provide feedback, and inspire a group to be more than the sum of its parts. That is what effective leadership is about.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ?Whatever is flexible and flowing will tend to grow. Whatever is rigid and blocked will atrophy and die.? -John Heider, ?The Tao of Leadership?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Much of what is covered in chapter 2 of ?Leadership: A Communication Perspective? has been introduced to me before in a wide variety of classes. The styles of leadership, as well as Theory X and Theory Y, are so basic that no model of leadership is complete without being based or at least touching upon these valuable concepts, so I will begin building my model of leadership here.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A flexible leader realizes the advantages and disadvantages inherent in each of the three styl... ...nd a few other experiences like this have led me to believe in the old adage that you attract more flies with honey than with vinegar. ?The group is not a final examination for a college course. The wise leader knows that the reward for doing the work arises naturally out of the work.? -John Heider, ?The Tao of Leadership?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is my hope that I have developed a competent model of leadership arising out of a doctrine of flexibility. I hope that I can apply this model in my own practices of leadership, to help me build the confidence I need to grow out of my leadership apprehension. I feel that an understanding of the group process, and of the styles of leadership, working together, can provide one with a very powerful method of effective, flexible leadership that can be applied to multiple groups and situations. First, by learning the styles of leadership, he makes harmony between himself and the group. When understands how the group acts and reacts, he can make harmony between the members of the group. And when this leader understands how to influence and conduct his followers, they can both begin to play beautiful music that no one would have been able to play alone.

Essay --

Colour vision refers to the ability of an organism to distinguish between stimuli based on the wavelengths of light they emit, reflect or transmit. We live in a world filled with colours which we use as an advantage on a day-to-day basis; to signify danger, make things stand out and to help us categorise the world around us. However, 1 in 12 males and 1 in 200 females (approximately 4.5% of the population) suffer from some sort of colour vision deficiency or blindness (Colour Blind Awareness, 2014). It is therefore of interest to investigate what is different about the visual system in this minority and why the occurs. This essay will investigate this by considering what ‘colours’ actually are in terms of wavelengths of light, investigating the differences of what we perceive to be a ‘coloured’ world based on the different visual systems of non-human animals. Finally it will look at what makes the system of colour blind humans different, questioning whether we can really consider them colour blind at all. The basis of our vision is a direct cause of photons (light) entering our eyes from the environment around us. We examine these photons in one of two ways; either the intensity of the light (number of photons) or by examining the wave energy. This wave energy is what enables colour vision, and refers to our eyes ability to detect slight changes across the electromagnetic system of light. As a whole this consists of a variety of parts; cosmic rays, gamma rays, x-rays, ultra-violet light, visible/white light, infrared, microwaves and radio waves. Our human eyes are only sensitive to the visible white-light which ranges from approximately 400 to 700 nanometres (nm) across the electromagnetic system. Newton is heavily credited towa... ...t differences in colour therefore relies on the sensitivity of different types of cone cell within our retina. This is what enables us to see the full spectrum of visible light from blues into the deep reds. It is evident from studies with dogs, birds, snakes and other animals that having a different number of cones, or having these cones sensitive to different wavelengths causes a completely different perspective of our colour world. As a result Dichromatic or Monochromatic humans who are missing a certain type of cone(s), or even trichromatic humans with a cone sensitive to an anomalous wavelength can be labelled as colour blind. Whilst these ‘colour blind’ individuals are usually still able to detect differences in colour across the visible spectrum of light they ultimately see the colour world in an abnormal way to an individual with a normal visual system.

Essay --

â€Å"As of 2012, approximately 400,000 people in the United States have been diagnosed with MS, with 10,000 new cases being diagnosed each year. Worldwide, MS affects between 1.5 and 2.5 million people.† (Davidson, Fallon, Slomski & Cataldo, 2013, p. 2228). With statistics like this many people have encountered individuals with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). The purpose of this report is to describe in detail this disease and how MRI is the modality of choice to diagnose. The Disease MS is an autoimmune disease. This means that the body’s immune system attacks normal tissue. Immune cells attack and obliterate the myelin sheath that surrounds neurons found in the brain and spinal cord. Myelin is an important component of neurons because it acts as an insulator. Myelin sheaths help electric signals travel efficiently from the brain to areas of the body, and â€Å"speeds transmission and prevents electrical activity in one cell from short-circuiting to another cell† (Davidson et al., 2013, p. 2228). MS attacks these myelin sheaths and disrupts the efficiency of that signal. It can be compared to a radio transmission. When myelin is working properly, one can hear a clear broadcast. However, when myelin is attacked and destroyed the transmission is no longer clear. It is jarbbled, hence, it alters and disrupts the message. When myelin is destroyed it turns into scar tissue called a plaque. This plaque will appear as â€Å"small round areas o f gray neurons without the white myelin covering† (Davidson et al., 2013, p. 2228). Causes There is no known reason to explain why the body starts attacking its own myelin sheaths. Though there has been much research, researchers have not been able to pinpoint a trigger. However, through this resear... ...em, because cortical bone does not produce a signal in MRI. This area is often obscured on CT because of the beam hardening artifact. The use of gadolinium better differentiates and increases sensitivity in detecting lesions. Diffusion-weighted imaging also gives MRI the ability to determine the age of lesions or differentiate acute from chronic ischemic changes (Pierce & Dubose, 2012). In conclusion, MS is a disease affecting many individuals. It can shorten the individual’s lifespan, but many treatment options are available to help cope with the symptoms. MRI is an evolving modality as it was just introduced in the 1990s and many advances have been made in the past couple of years. MRI is more sensitive than CT in detecting changes in the white matter of the brain. That is why MRI is the modality of choice to help diagnose a case of Multiple Sclerosis.

British Citizenship Under Neoliberalism

Neoliberalism simplifies trade between nations. It involves uncontrolled exchange and movement of goods, services, resources and activities with the aim of acquiring profit leverage with efficiency through cheap resources (Shah, 2007). Neoliberalism espouses the removal of the free trade barriers. These barriers include tariffs, regulations, laws and legislation, and investment restrictions. Neoliberalism is the intensification and expansion of the market through the increase in quantity, frequency, recurrence and formalization of transactions (Treanor). The goal of Neoliberalism is to enhance market competition in every transaction process.These transactions tend to be more competitive if they occur repeatedly for short periods of time. This way the dynamism of the cycle of cost and profit remains active. The basic principles of Neoliberalism include the freedom of trade in goods and services, limitless circulation of capital and, investment capacity and opportunities. The concept o f Neoliberalism involves several vital points mainly in reference to the economy. The five points include the rule of the market, reducing public expenditure for social services, privatization, deregulation, and the concept of individual responsibility against public good (Martinez & Garcia, 2000).The rule of the market means limitless freedom of the flow and exchange of goods, services and capital. It sustains that the market regulates and balances itself through the dynamics of market demand. The government has a hands-free policy when it comes to the dealings of the private enterprises like the freedom to determine prices of commodities. International trade and investment are likewise encouraged. The next point is the reduction of public expenditure for social services. Social Services comprise health, education and infrastructure development among others.Privatization is a main aspect of Neoliberalism in that it espouses the transfer of the previously state-owned enterprises or businesses like banks, schools and hospitals to private investors. There are two opposing views on privatization. On one hand, it increases efficiency of the enterprise under the ownership of a specialized private group. On the other hand, privatization results to a concentration of wealth and power to a few groups. Deregulation is another aspect of Neoliberalism. It refers to a reduction in the regulating power of the government. Instead, the market is allowed to regulate itself with the aim of maximizing profits.The last point is the concept of individual responsibility versus public good. Each individual is responsible for his or her conditions in life. The decrease in government support to the community for education, health care and social security should be compensated by the individuals themselves. What are the justifications of Neoliberalism? Is it an underlying theory for most of the economic successes of a nation? Neoliberalism promotes the idea of a free market without go vernment interventions in order for resources to be more efficiently distributed to groups in society who can better handle businesses.It likewise supports the idea that privatization of enterprises takes away the inefficiency or incompetency of the public sector in running businesses. Neoliberalism believes that the best way to achieve progress is through continued economic growth and the inevitable road to success is economic globalization. Economic globalization pertains to trade and financial movement as the factors which increase the integration of world economies (IMF Staff, 2000). It is also referred to as the transfer and exchange of knowledge and labor beyond the national boundaries and into the international field.The term Globalization is most often interchangeably used with Neoliberalism because of the similar principles that both concept advocates. Both support free trade as the ultimate means to achieve economic growth. Globalization leans more towards the weakening of national borders and the increase in the assimilation of global policies and trends in the national level. The aspects of Globalization include trade, movement of capital, movement of people and information dissemination and exchange through technology.Information exchange has been significantly globalized due to the proliferation of the internet. The global financial market run on a very fast pace due to the internet where transaction can be done with just one click. Movement of capital involves foreign investment and movement of people refers to employment opportunities outside the home country. These employment opportunities give way to an increasing trend of migration from developing countries to countries with more advanced economies.On the other hand, Neoliberalism is more focused on the nationwide aspect of trade with major effects from the international trade community. Other policies supported by Neoliberalism include the maintenance of competitive exchange rates where mar ket-determined exchange rates are followed instead of government-fixed exchange rates (Neoliberalism). Another policy is fiscal rectitude where expenditures are reduced and taxes are increased to sustain a budget surplus. II. The Neoliberal Revolution in Great BritainPrior to the Neoliberal Revolution, the dominant principle in both Western and most parts of the Third World economies is the Keynesian concept (Ambrose). John Meynard Keynes was an advocate of the idea that government interventions are needed to lead markets in endeavors which would benefit the most number of people. This idea was put to a halt when Neoliberalism began to take shape. In 1975, Margaret Thatcher became opposition Conservative Party head and was elected as Prime Minister in 1979 (Scott, 1997).She was determined to alleviate the condition of the British people from recession to economic greatness. The Neoliberal Revolution started in 1980 with Margaret Thatcher as the main proponent. The proposal of the re volution included decrease in corporate taxes, corporate regulation reduction, public services privatization and abolition of international trade barriers (Moore, 1998). At this time, privatization was a major practice and the primary force of Neoliberalism, as power, assets, rights and responsibilities along with a great deal of autonomy were afforded to private enterprises.Thatcher’s principle of Neoliberalism was supported by her TINA or There Is No Alternative campaign (George, 1999). The significance of Thatcher’s neoliberal policy lies in the idea of competition as an essential part of growth. Nations, regions, companies and individuals compete with each other. This competition makes the market more effective as it maintains only those who survive or those who won against the others. Thus, only the best resources, may it be natural, human, physical or financial, are included in the final market competition.It is the belief of Thatcher that people by nature are un equal so there are no worries about issues of social inequality as a hindrance to economic success. Those who are the strongest, more intelligent and well-educated can contribute best to the welfare of the country and its people. On the other side of the fence, the weak and the poorly educated are only responsible for themselves and have themselves to blame for their status. The Neoliberal Revolution introduced changes in policies which brought about the negative effects to the public sector.The budget for the health sector was reduced which meant less free health services for the people and the privatization of health services was started resulting to the charging of fees and introduction of insurance policies (Navarro, 2006). A very important factor in the Neoliberal Revolution is not only the promotion by the U. K. and U. S. governments, but the support it got from international organizations like the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Trade Organization (WTO), the Worl d Bank and the World Health Organization (WHO).III. Effects of Neoliberalism on British Citizenship The main goal of citizenship is equality among the people. There are three forms of citizenship: civil, political and social citizenship. Civil Citizenship comprises employment, private property and contract protection, and market access. Political Citizenship involve the right to vote and hold public office, while Social Citizenship means the right to the provision of education, health benefits and other social services (Sparke).The rights of the citizens are mainly dependent on the policies of the government. Neoliberalism had a great impact on the government policies in that citizenship was largely affected to its detriment. It is important to note the social policy of Neoliberalism before we move further into a discourse of its negative effects on citizenship. In Neoliberalism, social policy means the provision of equal opportunities available in the market and equal legal treatme nt to all citizens (Rosch). This is also the measure of social justice.The social policy does not include concern for the social welfare of the people. Its premise lies in individual responsibility where each person is responsible for achieving his or her own social and ethical ideals. This responsibility is not to be shouldered by the government in any way. This social policy is deemed as leaning favorably to those with financial power and is discriminating and pushing those at the lower level of the economic ladder further down. Neoliberalism threw its strongest punch on the social form of citizenship.Social services were privatized and budget cutbacks were enforced as part of the fiscal rectitude policy where expenditures are reduced to maintain a budget surplus. Education, health services, housing, transportation and other social services were stripped off their importance as part of the government’s responsibility to its citizens. Instead, the people are encouraged to st rive on their own to meet these needs. The social services organizations were handed over to private institutions which now are to be dealt with if the people need the kinds of services they offer.Since these private enterprises are now competing in an open market, the cost of availing their services becomes expensive and incomparable to the previous benefit that the citizens were receiving from the government. The negative impact is most felt by the underprivileged and advantage is savored by the wealthy and powerful. Civil Citizenship was likewise adversely affected by Neoliberalism in terms of the contract and employment terms. The most notable effect is the reduction, if not elimination of the trade unions which are primarily based in public enterprises.Privatization meant abolishing of the existing systems as the policy making is transferred to the owners of the private companies. Protection of the employee was abandoned with the increasing short term contracts along with short duration of jobs. Employees now are offered shorter tenures which force them to undergo the tedious task of re-applying to companies. With private companies’ anti-union policies, the employees now have nowhere to go. They either sink or swim. Employment opportunities are now available to more competent and well educated individuals.The name of the game became employability or the capacity of the individual to sell his or her services based on the acquired knowledge and skills. This now brings us back to the issue of the advantage of the more financially able citizens. Individuals with access to good education from schools which are now private enterprises and which are now able to charge high fees, has the advantage. The flow of trade money between enterprises, regions and even between nations on a wider scale as espoused by neoliberalism, has a tremendous effect on the electoral system or the political aspect of citizenship.The exercise of electoral right is now deemed futi le as doubts are cast upon the veracity of the election results because of the money generated inside the politics arena. Politics, as a powerful venue of pushing legislative programs or business leverage, is considered to be a channel used by some groups or enterprises in advancing their own personal agenda. Neoliberalism has in great part affected the entire nation including the people and how they function in society. Its effects are criticized left and right by different groups as to its advantages and disadvantages.Critics and proponents both have their valid points. It has to be stressed though that for a concept or idea to be considered truly successful is to analyze if a great majority of the people has benefited from the underlying principles of the concept. The ultimate question now is: Has Neoliberalism created a healthy balance between the rich and the poor or has it been an instrument to push the rich to the topmost part of the economic ladder and to push the poor furth er down the pit? Bibliography Ambrose, S. (n. d. ). The Roots of Corporate Globalization in IMF/World Bank â€Å"StructuralAdjustment† Policies. Public Eye. Org. [online] Available from: http://www. publiceye. org/magazine/v18n2/ambrose_imf. html [Accessed 25 June 2007] George, S. (1999, March 24). A Short History of Neo-liberalism. Global Exchange. [online] Available from: http://www. globalexchange. org/campaigns/econ101/neoliberalism. html [Accessed 25 June 2007] IMF Staff. (2000, April 12). Globalization: Threat or Opportunity? International Monetary Fund. [online] Available from: http://www. imf. org/external/np/exr/ib/2000/041200. htm#II [Accessed 25 June 2007] Martinez, E. , & Garcia, A. (2000, feb 26).What is â€Å"Neo-Liberalism†? A Brief Definition. Global Exchange. [online] Available from: http://www. globalexchange. org/campaigns/econ101/neoliberalDefined. html [Accessed 25 June 2007] Moore, R. (1998, May). Absolute PowerThe Making of a new World Order. Thi rd World Traveler. [online] Available from: http://www. thirdworldtraveler. com/New_Global_Economy/Absolute_Power. html [Accessed 25 June 2007] Navarro, V. (2006, Oct 23). What is happening at the World Health Organization? The coming election of the WHO Director-General. People's Health Movement. [online] Available from: http://www.phmovement. org/en/node/279 [Accessed 25 June 2007] Neoliberalism. (n. d. ). Wikipedia. [online] Available from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Neoliberalism [Accessed 25 June 2007] Rosch, M. (n. d. ). What does neoliberalism mean? Internetseminar. [online] Available from: http://tiss. zdv. uni-tuebingen. de/webroot/sp/barrios/themeA2a. html [Accessed 25 June 2007] Scott, D. (1997). The Path from Old Labour to Tory Neoliberalism to New Labour. People's News Agency. [online] Available from: http://www. prout. org/pna/uk-capitalism. html [Accessed 25 June 2007] Shah, A. (2007, March 5).A Primer on Neoliberalism. Global Issues. [online] Available from: http ://www. globalissues. org/TradeRelated/FreeTrade/Neoliberalism. asp [Accessed 25 June 2007] Sparke, M. (n. d. ). Center for Communication and Civic Engagement. University of Washington. [online] Available from: http://depts. washington. edu/ccce/assets/documents/pdf/Passportsintocreditcards. pdf [Accessed 25 June 2007] Treanor, P. (n. d. ). Neoliberalism: origins, theory, definition. InterNLnet. [online] Available from: http://web. inter. nl. net/users/Paul. Treanor/neoliberalism. html [Accessed 25 June 2007]

Migratory Behavior of Mallard Ducks Essay

There are four fundamental decisions that most animals make when it comes to mechanisms of adaptation: where to live, how to gather food, how to avoid predators, and what tactics to use to reproduce (Alcock, 1993). Habitat preferences in animals require satisfying their needs (ignoring or actively avoiding others, nutritional needs to perform growth, development and reproduction) at the same time experiencing higher fitness than those unable to settle in the favored habitat. There were also several hypothesis presented which correlates habitat preference and fitness. The seasonal dispersion of some animals like ducks is a costly business in terms of energetic expenses and risk to exposure to predators. On the other hand, considering dispersal cost, animals that do not respond to dispersion pay the price of deterioration due to the inability to adapt to the prevailing ecological conditions. Considering the inbreeding avoidance hypothesis (Ralls et. al, 1979), on ducks in particular, Mallard ducks may have migrated then for the purpose of expanding their genetic pool by interbreeding with Anas rubipes a close relative of the Anas playrynhos. The costly dispersal of Mallards may have been to avoid inbreeding depression primary of which is to circumvent the expression of damaging recessive alleles resulting from the mating of two closely related mates of the same species. This further correlates with the mate competition hypothesis (Moore and Ali, 1984), which states that males tend to fight against one another for mates therefore looser find it more energy efficient to seek closely related species to which they may successfully mate. When mating season is over, male disperses to avoid their daughters when these female become sexually mature. Animals engage into energetically exhaustive activity trying to complete the course of their journey to attain its fundamental goals. As the animal arrives to its destination, the issue of territoriality always comes to mind whenever a new species is introduced into a new environment and every time the visitor interacts with the native. While other animals ignore or tolerate the presence of a new species in its territory, others are extraordinarily aggressive in defending their territory from intruders. Territoriality among animals contributes to reproductive successes or failure to the contrary which further leads to interspecific competition. If suitable breeding sites really are short of supply, then one should be able to find non-territorial, non-breeding, individuals in populations of territorial animals. If this is so, the niche similarity of the visitors to the native may introduce interspecific competition with the available supplies. Territoriality may also influence the reproductive success of these visitors as it was found by Dhondt and Schillemans (1983). Territorial animals may invade the nesting sites of migratory birds which may lead to decreased viability and clutch. The ability of birds to fly and survive various environmental conditions has led to their development over time. Seasonal migration of mallard ducks (Anas platyrynchos) has been one of the intriguing aspects of its behavior. This behavior has been influenced mainly by several factors such as foraging (Heitmeyer, 2006), competition (Mc Auley, et al. , 2004), reproductive behaviors (Hill, 1984) which also includes the preservation of nesting sites, and interbreeding (Brodsky, 1989) and seasonal weather conditions (Ridgill, et al. , 1990 in D. Hill, 1992, Whyte & Bolen, 1984, Poiani & Johnson, 1991). Statement of the Problem From previous articles, it has been reported that Mallard ducks are reoccupying old territories throughout the United States and Canada (Talent, et. al. , 1983). From this observation, it can be inferred that various ecological changes in both habitat and inhabitants may take place. Since mallard ducks in this regard are annual visitors in these habitats, the temporary habitation of previous and new territories may significantly affect native animal species. With the combined hypothesis that Mallard ducks migrate from previously occupied territories due to overlapping conditions which may occupy new territories due to insufficiency of the previous, the study will assess the behavioral patterns of Mallard ducks towards returning to previous foraging territories and establishing new foraging regions (migratory routes) outside of their original habitats, specifically the study will address four major areas of concern. 1. What behavior of the Anas playrynchos determines the suitability of a habitat to be considered sufficient which helps it decide to inhabit previous foraging territories and new regions outside of their original habitats? 2. What behavioral mechanism will the Anas platyrynchos exhibit upon visiting a previous foraging territory and new regions outside of their original habitats if a highly territorial organisms was encountered upon landing? 3. What general behavioral model applies during the interaction of two closely related species (Anas rubipes and Anas platyrynchos) occupying the same niche in terms of: a. Reproductive tactics b. Foraging preferences c. Territoriality 4. What chances that the introduction of less territorial animal may cause significant adaptive stress (competitive stress) to a more territorial species? Hypotheses It is hypothesized that there is no significant differences in the previously reported behavioral mechanisms in Anas platyrynchos that helps it determine to decide on its habitat preferences. Alternatively, Anas platyrynchos establishes new migratory routes due to impending factors such as avoidance of predators, seasonal weather conditions, reproductive tactics and foraging preferences. Else, Anas platyrynchos establishes new migratory route or return to previous foraging areas due to certain conditions such as habitat destruction, scarcity of supplies needed to reproduce, and extreme territoriality between natives and migrants. Experimental Design In order to test these hypotheses, the study will be divided into two phases: the in vivo phase and in vitro phase. At the in vitro phase, groups of experimental populations of Mallard ducks will be placed in a study area which will allow observation of significant behavioral patterns relevant to foraging, reproductive tactics/quality such as mate preference, clutch size, egg size and viability, and interspecific competition. Two species of closely related species of ducks the Anas rubipes (native, will be allowed to acclimatize until such time that they one or two reproductive cycles have been achieved) and Anas platyrynchos (introduced species, will be introduced only after the native have been acclimatized well) will be situated in the same habitat which will be observed for close interaction. Behavioral patterns on mate preferences and competitive exclusion will be observed by on-site observation using a hidden observation platform. Foraging preferences will be looked upon by collection and analysis of droppings from both species. Geographical invasion of feeding territories will be looked upon by assigning quadrat areas which will be initially determined by the territorial preferences of both species of ducks. Territoriality will be measured by the number of times the more aggressive native will disturb the nesting sites of the migrants and the instance that the migrant will be driven away from a specific foraging site. Specific effects of such behavior will be measured by performing initial and final biometry of the two species of ducks. Decrease in biometric qualities from both adult and eggs would mean the inability to adapt into such competitive behavior. Possible effects of migrant foraging on native non-avian species will also be observed by recording the feeding activity of non-avian species living along the vicinity which might directly contribute to the promotion or disruption of the food chain brought about by the introduction of a new consumer. To observe the habitat preference of ducks with is natural behavior in its intact natural behavior, the in vivo phase will be done. Radio satellite transceivers will be wing banded on representative Anas platyrynchos through catch and tag method (including the alpha male) that are about to engage into seasonal journey to trace their possible destinations and stop-over. The result will be compared to previous annual migration data (20 years in succession or more depending on the available information) to establish a pattern supporting the behavioral mechanism that the ducks employ in selecting a habitat which sooth their preference. On site visitation of previously reported migration destinations will be surveyed to confirm habitation of previously occupied regions. Ecological evaluation and mapping of visited areas (stop-over and final destination) will be done and compared with other visited areas for specific pattern. Thorough monitoring of migration paths via remote sensing will be followed to confirm if ever there is a change in the migratory route. Conclusions will be based on the assessment of significant differences between the previously reported data and the novel information. Summary All in all, birds may move to various locations for survival. If the prevailing conditions decrease fitness, migratory ducks may move to different locations to continue to find food, reproduce and avoid predation. When the conditions increase fitness, these ducks will then return to their natal site where they will breed and raise their young. It may be that physical conditions and forces that govern the earth’s magnetic poles, hormonal changes, changing weather patterns or other various factors contribute to the birds’ urge to migrate to their seasonal habitats. For the purpose of this paper, the most important factor to be considered are the consequences to native animals belonging in the same niche brought about by abrupt or gradual changes in migratory routes and the resulting occupation of new or old territories. In the evolutionary perspective, animals are able to adapt into their environment mainly by employing specific behavioral mechanisms that would enable them to perfectly cope. At the event that an animal fails to establish equilibrium with its environment, serious complications arise. The study will better establish significant behavioral patterns in Mallard ducks which enable to blend in and adapt in variable habitats. Such adaptive behavior may serve as a key towards preserving animal species that are in danger of extinction simply because the adaptive behavior is not appropriate for survival. References Cited Alcock, John. 1993. Animal Behavior: an evolutionary approach, 5th ed. Sinauer Associates, USA. 279-379. Dhondt A. A. , and J. Schillemans. 1983. Reproductive success of the great tit in relation to its territorial status. Animal Behavior 31:902-912. Heitmeyer, M. E. 2006. The Importance of Winter Floods to Mallards in the Mississippi Alluvial Valley. Journal of Wildlife Management. Vol. 70, No. 1. pp. 101-110. Hill, David. 1992. Cold Weather Movements of Waterfowls in Western Europe. The Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 61, No. 1. Feb. , pp. 238-239. Hill, D. A. 1984. Population Regulation in the Mallard (Anas platyrynchos). Journal of Animal Ecology. 53. pp. 191-202. Mc Auley, D. G. , et. al. 2004. Dynamic use of wetlands by black Mallards: Evidence Against Competitive Exclusion. Wildlife Society Bulletin. Vol. 32. , No. 2. pp. 465-473. Poiani, K. A. , Johnson, W. C. 1991. Global Warming and Prairie Wetlands. BioScience, Vol. 41, No. 9. Oct. pp. 611-618. Talent, L. G. , et. al. 1983. Survival of Mallard Broods in South-Central North Dakota. The Condor, Vol. 85, No. 1. Feb. , 1983, pp. 74-78. Whyte, R. J. , and Bolen, E. G. 1984. Impact of Winter Stress on Mallards Body Composition. The Condor, Vol. 86, No. 4. pp. 477-482. Moore, J. , and R. Ali. 1984. Are dispersal and inbreeding avoidance related? Animal behavior 32:94-112. Ralls, K. , et. al. 1979. Inbreeding and juvenile mortality in small populations of ungulates. Science 206: 1101-1103.

Business Purposes Meetiing Aims and Objectives

The BBC is continuing its focus on delivering the best possible value for for licence fee payers. It means focusing on improving efficiency and generating maximum returns on their assets. By 2013 they will have delivered efficiency savings totalling nearly  £2Billion meeting their 3% annual savings target. They are now two years into their five-year efficiency programme, and by 2013 the work they already done will generate efficiency savings of  £1,453million, which is the equivalent to 73% of their total savings target. They have succeeded in reducing the license fee evasion to just 5.2% of income a 0.1% improvement on last year. BBC Worldwide has achieved a significant increase in profitability this year from  £106million to  £145million by growing its new business areas. This improved performance will benefit the BBC as they will put it into new and original programming. Maximising the impact of the license fee Maximising the returns they make on programmes paid for by the license fee. Their main commercial subsidiary, BBC Worldwide was created to generate the maximum return on programmes paid for the license fee payers. To achieve this they sell BBC programmes, formats and merchandise across the world. Spreading the benefit of the license fee across the whole of the UK The BBC is for all license fee payers across the whole Of the UK. They are committed to growing the whole country's creative industries and production talent. That is why one of the key metrics is the proportion of money they spend on the network televisions outside of London. Keeping costs down where ever possible. They Have made an increase in Scotland, Northern Island and Wales. According to an independent study impact of the BBC as helped create and support over 7,000 jobs in Glasgow, Cardiff and Bristol. They also offer a pension scheme to all their employee's at a rate that is reasonable and affordable to all those who work for them. So all in all the BBC are meeting both their aims and objectives according to my research. They make a profit as well as help support the public and bring the nation together with its music stations and televised programmes. They have to work within their budget given to them by the government and if they underspend then they have to give it back. Their turnover is relatively healthy and they do continue to make a profit each year which is good for all of us in the long run.

Corporations Concluded

1. (TCO E) For federal tax purposes, royalty income that is not derived in the ordinary course of a business is classified as: (Points : 5) portfolio income. answer active income. passive income. None of the above 2. (TCO F) When comparing corporate and individual taxation, the following statement is true: (Points : 5) Unlike individual taxpayer, corporate may not have a long-term capital loss carryforward. Both types of taxpayers have percentage limitations on the charitable contribution deduction, coupled with a carryover of the excess contribution. All taxpayers may carry net operating losses back two years, forward 20 years.All of the above. answer 3. (TCO H) Al and Amy file a joint return for the 2012 tax year. Their adjusted gross income is $80,000. They had net investment income of $7,000. In 2012, they had the following interest expenses: Personal credit card interest: $4,000 Home mortgage interest: $8,000 Investment interest (on loans used to buy stocks): $10,000 What is the interest deduction for Al and Amy for the 2012 tax year? (Points : 5) $8,000 $15,000. answer $12,000 $18,000 4. (TCO B) A contribution made to the following donee is not deductible. (Points : 5) Boy Scouts of America Oxford University, England. answerSociety for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals Michigan State University California State Fair (an activity of the State of California) 5. (TCO A) The following taxes were paid by Tim: Real estate taxes on his home: $2,000 State income taxes: $900 State gasoline tax (personal use of automobile): $150 In itemizing his deductions, what is the amount that Tim may claim as a deduction for taxes? (Points : 5) $2,000 $2,900. answer $3,050 $0 6. (TCO F) Hoover, Inc. had gross receipts from operations of $230,000, operating and other expenses of $310,000, and dividends received from a 45 percent-owned domestic corporation of $120,000.Hoover's tax position for the year is: (Points : 5) $8,000 taxable income. $56,000 net operating loss. answer $40,000 taxable income. $80,000 net operating loss. 7. (TCO G) All of the outstanding stock of a closely held C corporation is owned equally by David Smith and Steve Bufusno. In 2012, the corporation generates taxable income of $30,000 from its active business activities. In addition, it earns $20,000 of interest from investments and incurs a $40,000 loss from a passive activity. How much income does the C corporation report for 2012?(Points : 5) $10,000 of portfolio income $0 $20,000 of portfolio income. answer None of the above 8. (TCO G) Bob, who is single, has $90,000 of salary, $25,000 of income from a limited partnership, and a $30,000 passive loss from a real estate rental activity in which he actively participates. His modified adjusted gross income is $90,000. Of the $30,000 loss, how much is deductible? (Points : 5) $30,000. answer $10,000 $25,000 $0 9. (TCO F) Jen owns a sole proprietorship, and Steve is the sole shareholder of a C (regular) corporation.Each business sus tained a $14,000 operating loss and a $3,000 capital loss for the year. Evaluate how these losses will affect the taxable income of the two owners? (Points : 17) A sole proprietorship is taxed through the business owner's personal tax return. Therefore Jen would enter the $14,000 operating loss from the proprietorship on Schedule C of Form 1040 or one of its variants. This reported loss would offset any income Jen reported from any other source on her personal income tax filed. As a noncorporate taxpayer Jen can also deduct the $3000 capital loss for the year.As the sole shareholder of a C corp Steve will see no effect on his taxable income as the shareholder. Income from a C corporation is reported when the shareholder receive dividends. C corporation losses are not reported by the shareholders. 10. (TCO G) Briefly (1) define and (2) discuss the purpose and impact of each of the following: a. at-risk rules b. suspended passive activity losses c. material participation (Points : 18) a. at-risk rules Definition: Losses from a business operation are limited to the amount of money you can actually lose in the business.You are subject to at-risk rules if you are filing Schedules C, E, or F. Tax laws limiting the amount of losses an investor (usually a limited partner) can claim. Only the amount actually at risk can be deducted. b. suspended passive activity losses Definition: A capital loss that cannot be realized in a given tax year due to passive activity limitations. These losses are therefore â€Å"suspended† until they can be netted against passive income in a future tax year. Suspended losses are incurred as a result of passive activities, and can only be carried forward.Suspended losses that are incurred as a result of the disposition of a passive interest are subject to an annual capital loss limit. Suspended losses can, however, be used to offset income realized in a later year that is generated from material participation in the activity that init ially produced the loss. For example, if a taxpayer incurs a $5,000 suspended loss in one year from a passive activity and then materially participates in the activity the following year and earns $10,000, then the suspended loss may be applied against $5,000 of the earned income, leaving the taxpayer with $5,000 of declarable income for the year.c. material participation. Definition: A set of criteria that determines whether a taxpayer is a material participant in a business venture. The material participation test will determine whether business income received by the taxpayer is active or passive. Material participation is determined each year. The IRS has seven tests to determine material participation: The taxpayer works 500 hours or more during the year in the activity. The taxpayer does substantially all the work in the activity.The taxpayer works more than 100 hours in the activity during the year and no one else works more than the taxpayer. The activity is a significant pa rticipation activity (SPA), and the sum of SPAs in which the taxpayer works 100-500 hours exceeds 500 hours for the year. The taxpayer materially participated in the activity in any 5 of the prior 10 years. The activity is a personal service activity and the taxpayer materially participated in that activity in any 3 prior years.Based on all of the facts and circumstances, the taxpayer participates in the activity on a regular, continuous, and substantial basis during such year. However, this test only applies if the taxpayer works at least 100 hours in the activity, no one else works more hours than the taxpayer in the activity, and no one else receives compensation for managing the activity. Determination of â€Å"material participation† is complicated, and lack of material participation can result in passive loss rules. If you think lack of material participation may be an issue in your business, check with your tax adviser.

Heroin Abuse Health Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Heroin Abuse Health Policy - Essay Example Abuse of heroin is becoming very prevalent among young women because of its high availability at lower prices. The individuals who consume the drug are mostly from the poor family background. Consumption of the drug often results in very bad consequences among maternal child parents during the withdrawal period. Among the withdrawal effects include malaise, sweating, insomnia, diarrhea, nausea, and cramps among others. With the implementation of this policy, it is expected that individuals will benefit from it a great deal. The people will be educated on drug abuse. They will gain the knowledge and life skills that will help them overcome drug and substance abuse related problems. The society will also benefit from this health policy in terms of the improved socioeconomic lifestyle of the people. Businesses are likely to blossom since the monies used to buy drugs will now be channeled into legitimate business activities (Cross, and Karen, 2001). The rate of crime is also probable to reduce drastically.

Policy Corruption in New Orleans before and after Hurricane Katrina Essay

Policy Corruption in New Orleans before and after Hurricane Katrina - Essay Example However, this may not always hold true. For one reason or another, there are countries in which those part of the law enforcement agency are not only poor or incompetent at their job, but are more concerned of pursuing their own self-interests rather than to serve and to protect. Of course, the most instinctive solution would be to kick them out of the force, but even this does not always happen – often because the higher-ups remain ignorant, or worse, are themselves complicit in such morally questionable acts. While no law enforcement agency can ever be characterized as perfect – not least because each one will have at least a few shortcomings or problem areas to balance out its strengths – there are those that go as far as they can in the other extreme, not just failing to enforce and uphold law and order but even actively undermining it. In such a case, the so-called law enforcers become little more than goons in uniform, terrorizing the public in a manner not unlike the criminals they are supposed to be hunting down. Unfortunately, even in this day and age, there are law enforcement agencies which can be aptly described in such a manner. One of the more infamous examples in recent memory is the New Orleans Police Force, which was rocked by all manner of issues such as corruption and police brutality in the wake of Hurricane Katrina. This paper is thus intended as a look at the corruption that rocked the NOPD to its foundations in the immediate aftermath of the calamity, hopefully in order to draw conclusions about how best to prevent such a scandal from recurring in the future. NOPD – The Corruption As noted in the New York Times by Treaster and Newman (2005), the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina saw the bulk of the police force dedicated to mounting rescue efforts all over the city. Unfortunately, this also meant that they ended up turning a blind eye to the opportunists who chose that moment to enrich themselves at the cost of th e victims of the disaster. As a matter of fact, the inaction of the police force to these crimes resulted in criminals becoming so audacious as to commit crimes not only in broad daylight, but even in front of officers themselves in some cases – often with only a slap on the wrist to show for it, if at all. In fact, the situation got so bad that even then-City Councilor Jackie Clarkson was forced to acknowledge and lament the rapidly deteriorating situation. The calamity that had struck only recently at that time led to a major, major breakdown in channels of transportation and communications, which in turn led to a disquieting impotence on the part of police officers to properly counteract the terrible, terrible spike in crime rates. Looting in particular became alarmingly common during this time, with the shopkeepers involved forced to defend their property all by themselves. Armed robbery also reached a disturbing level of frequency at this point in the history of New Orle ans, with most of the victims being robbed at gunpoint. For the most part, though, the looting incidents that were reported simply involved calamity victims gathering basic necessities such as food, water and clothing from unattended stores – which, while still being far from legally or morally permissible, were much more understandable in light of the terrible, terrible damage wrought by Hurricane Katrina.

Palmtop Mobile Phones Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Palmtop Mobile Phones - Assignment Example It is the world most globalizes country whose capital is London which is the third major financial center of the world. The most recent official figures shows that the GDP growth rate of United Kingdom is 3.1% where as GDP grew in 2006 was 23/4% and more than 3% in 2007. According to 2006 rating, the GDP is $ 2.1 trillion where as commercial service imports increases to $ 600 billion. The population of UK according to 2006 was 60,587,000 and out of this 50,763,000 is living in England. Initially 12 countries were choose by the firm, through screening process out of these 12 countries two countries were left and chosen by us as our product international market. The twelve countries selected by the firm are: International marketing of the product starts by assessing the international market and evaluation of the economic information that directly affect on the firm product [Alan M. Rugman and Richard M. Hodgetts (March 2000)]. Screening process for the product involves series of analysis; therefore, we have divided our screening process into many steps using economic indicators to represent that which two countries will suit best for the product. The initial screening process of the firm requires knowing the basic need and potential of population in international market [Anant K. Sundaram, J. Stewart Black, (1995)]. ... INITIAL SCREENING (Basic need and potential) The initial screening process of the firm requires knowing the basic need and potential of population in international market [Anant K. Sundaram, J. Stewart Black, (1995)]. A simple question "who might be interested in buying our product" is used to answer the basic need of the population. There are three ways to answer these questions 1. Current import policies: the current import policies of Australia, Canada, China, Japan and Germany are strict enough that it can cause a huge cost to our product. The taxes and other expenses on the import of these countries will be high as compared to other countries. As extra cost will incurred on the product that's why the cost of the product will be high in these market, causing less purchase of the PDA. Therefore, the choice of countries will exclude Australia, Canada, China, Japan and Germany. 2. Local production of PDA: Australia, Canada, Japan, China, Germany, Italy and United States of America are producing their own PDA's and therefore, establishing our market will in these market will not provide future establishment as these market already hold strong competitors for our product. China PDA's are now becoming more famous as they are using cheap technology and thus providing low price PDA's in the international market. On the other hand Germany, Italy, Japan and Australia are holding different international companies and national companies producing PDA's. 3. Demographic Changes: the demographic changes in India, Pakistan, Poland and Malaysia are in account and thus the potential for our product in these countries will be high [Lee J. Krajewski and Larry P. Ritzman (2003)]. Where as other countries are developed countries and already hold strong market

Municipal Budgtes Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Municipal Budgtes - Speech or Presentation Example Main types are line – item and program budgets (NACSLB 37). Thus, neither budgeting method is perfect as each serves a different purpose: such as performance maximization or objective – activity alignment. A perfect budget should satisfy twelve principles. As indicated in the definition of the budget process, these principles are creation of goals based on stakeholder analysis, their implementation, including efficiency analysis and adjustments (NACSLB, 1999, p.5). The first type is line – item budget. This approach arose at the beginning of the 20th century (Tyer & Willand). It lists categories of expenses, such as â€Å"personnel, operating and capital expenses† (Tyer & Willand). Incremental approach belongs to this type as well. In this approach, previous year’s budget is adjusted for legislative changes, price, wage inflation and any other change that might take place in the new fiscal year (Northern Ireland Assembly 5). Since changes take place on a marginal basis in comparison to the last year’s levels, the base, this method is called incremental budgeting (Northern Ireland Assembly 5). This method saves time and resources. ... Incremental budgeting method is based on negotiations and compromise (Northern Ireland Assembly 5). Wages and allocations of resources are negotiated, and oftentimes based on political decisions. As a result, this type of budgeting is efficient only if the political system is stable and transparent (Northern Ireland Assembly 5). Otherwise, the budget will favor few at the expense of the majority. Moreover, this method has several disadvantages. The first disadvantage is the fact that this method is backward looking since it is based on a previous year’s budget. As a result, it does not make adjustments for unexpected changes. Moreover, performance is hard to evaluate in this method, as it is based on compromise rather than standards such as cost minimization. Thus, data tend to be outdated, inconsistent with new priorities and say nothing about efficiency (O’Connor 2). Though still used even in some fire departments, such as the Muscatine Fire Department, efficiency mea surement capabilities of other methods make it an unattractive option (O’Connor 2). In response to line – item budget disadvantages, performance budgets were established in the 1950’s (Tyer & Willand). Such budgets emphasize activities, rather than items paid, and focus on connecting performance with allocation of resources (Tyer & Willand). As a result, each such budget must contain information on inputs, output, productivity or efficiency, and level of objective implementation, e.g. number of miles to be swept during the fiscal year (Morgan 6). Before budget design, objectives and measurement tools must be set up to evaluate each proposed activity. After